Egypt introduced to mankind one of the oldest political and administrative systems when the first central state was established at the banks of the Nile. In modern times, the world has derived from Egypt the institutions and modern administrative systems as well as the formulas of constitution, parliament, responsible government and judicial authority since the 19th century. Today, Egypt lives a new phase of political and democratic development aiming at more deepening of democratic practice, enhancing freedoms and laying down the state of law, institutions and respect of human rights. Political System Rich and free is Egypt's political and democratic life; a life which is as time-old as the very first government in the history of mankind, a government created on the banks of the River Nile. In 1805, Egyptians chose Mohammad Ali Pasha to be their ruler. In 1824, the first parliament was established, with the creation of the High Council. This step was followed in 1829 by the establishment of the Consultative Council and in 1866 by the Consultative House of Representatives With the promulgation of the 1923 Constitution parliamentary life in Egypt was thrust into a stage of major upheavals. The 1952 July Revolution of sought to establish democracy in the country. Several provisional constitutions were issued before the Permanent Constitution of Egypt was promulgated in 1971. Political pluralism and a multi-party system re-emerged in 1976; a law on political parties was passed in 1977. The 1980's and 90's saw the free parliamentary and political experience further entrenched based on the principles of integrity, sovereignty of law and respect of freedoms. Under President Hosni Mubarak, Egypt has enjoyed an enlightened tenure under which people have freely expressed their hopes for progress and prosperity. Thanks to this atmosphere of freedom and democracy, Egypt now enjoys political stability, is able to proceed successfully towards comprehensive development and advance with great confidence into the future.